To be able to do this I must understand
- How to make inferences about uses of power
- How to annotate a text for examples of power
- How to analyze textual evidence
I will show this in a graphic organizer by analyzing quotes that show different uses of power between the U.S. and native Americans.
In the mid-to-late
1800’s, the United States began expanding their territory westward. As they did, they encountered many different
Native American tribes. More often than
not, the United States would take the land that the Native Americans were
settled on and force them to move to reservations, which were small portions of
land that the United States reserved for the Native Americans. This forced relocation was often met with
conflict.
“Chief Ouray”
Excerpt from Bury
My Heart at Wounded Knee – Dee Brown
P. 367-368
The
Utes were Rocky Mountain Indians, and for a generation they had watched the
invading white men move into their Colorado country like endless swarms of
grasshoppers. They had seen the white
men drive their old enemies, the Cheyennes, from the Colorado plains. Some Ute warriors had joined the Rope
Thrower, Kit Carson, in the white men’s war against the Navahos. In those times the Utes believed the white
men were their allies1,
and they enjoyed visiting Denver to exchange buffalo hides for gaudy trade
goods in the stores. But each year these
strange men from the East became more numerous, invading the Utes’ mountains to
dig for yellow and white metal.
In 1863
the governor of the Colorado Territory (John Evans) and other officials came to
Conejos in the San Juan Mountains to meet with Ouray the Arrow and nine chiefs
of the Utes. A treaty2 was signed there, giving the white men all the
Colorado land east of the mountaintops (the Continental Divide), leaving the
Utes all the land west of the divide. In
exchange for ten thousand dollars’ worth of goods and ten thousand dollars’
worth of provisions3 to be
distributed annually for ten years, the Utes agreed to relinquish4 mineral rights to all parts of their
territory and they promised not to cause conflict with any citizen of the
United States who might come into their mountains to dig.
Five
years later, the white men of Colorado decided they had let the Utes keep too
much land. Through political pressures
they persuaded the Indian Bureau that the Utes were a constant nuisance5 – wandering
everywhere, visiting towns and mining camps, and stealing livestock from
settlers. They said they wanted the Utes
placed on a reservation6
with well-defined lines, but what they truly wanted was more Ute land. Early in 1868 with a great deal of fanfare,
the Indian Bureau invited Ouray, Nicaagat (Jack), and eight other chiefs to
Washington. Rope Thrower Carson
accompanied them as trusted friend and adviser.
In Washington they were given rooms in a fine hotel, served excellent
meals, and given an abundance of tobacco, candy and medals.
When
the time came for treaty making, the officials insisted that one of the
visiting chiefs must accept responsibility for all seven tribes
represented. Ouray the Arrow was the unanimous7 choice for chief
of all the Utes. He was half-Apache,
half-Uncompahgre Ute, a handsome, round-faced, sharp-eyed Indian who could
speak English and Spanish as fluently as the two Indian tongues he knew. When the land-hungry politicians tried to put
him on the defensive, Ouray was sophisticated enough to present the Utes’ case
to newspaper reporters. “The agreement
an Indian makes to a United States treaty,” he said, “is like the agreement a
buffalo makes with his hunters when pierced with arrows. All he can do is lie down and give in.”
The
officials could not fool Ouray with their bright-tinted maps and insincere
words about boundary lines. Instead of
accepting a small corner of western Colorado, he held out for sixteen million
acres of western slope forests and meadows, considerably less territory than
his people had claimed before, but considerably more than the Colorado
politicians wanted them to have.
1.
Allies: partners, friends, united
2.
Treaty: an agreement between two groups
3.
Provisions: essential supplies, especially food or other
necessities
4.
Relinquish: to let go of something, to give up something
5.
Nuisance: something offensive, annoying, or obnoxious to
someone else
6.
Reservation: a piece of land set aside for Native
Americans.
7.
Unanimous: in complete agreement
“Crazy Horse”
Excerpt from Bury
My Heart at Wounded Knee – Dee Brown
P. 289-290
For a
long time Crazy Horse had been waiting for a chance to test himself in battle
with the Bluecoats1. In all the years since the Fetterman fight at
Fort Phil Kearny, he had studied the soldiers and their ways of fighting. Each time he went into the Black Hills to
seek visions, he had asked Wakantanka2
to give him secret powers so that he would know how to lead the Oglalas to
victory if the white men ever came again to make war upon his people. Since the time of his youth, Crazy Horse had
known that the world men lived in was only a shadow of the real world. To get into the real world, he had to dream,
and when he was in the real world everything seemed to float or dance. In this real world his horse danced as if it
were wild or crazy, and this was why he called himself Crazy Horse. He had learned that if he dreamed himself
into the real world before going into a fight, he could endure anything.
On this
day, June 17, 1876, Crazy Horse dreamed himself into the real world, and he
showed the Sioux how to do many things they had never done before while
fighting the white man’s soldiers. When
Crook sent his pony soldiers in mounted charges, instead of rushing forward
into the fire of their carbines3,
the Sioux faded off to their flanks4
and struck weak places in their lines.
Crazy Horse kept his warriors mounted and always moving from one place
to another. By the time the sun was in
the top of the sky he had the soldiers all mixed up in three separate
fights. The Bluecoats were accustomed to
forming skirmish5 lines
and strong fronts, and when Crazy Horse prevented them from fighting like that
they were thrown into confusion. By
making many darting charges on their swift ponies, the Sioux kept the soldiers
apart and always on the defensive. When
the Bluecoats’ fire grew too hot, the Sioux would draw away, tantalize6 a few soldiers
into pursuit, and then turn on them with a fury.
1.
Bluecoats: an early name for United States army
soldiers.
2.
Wakantanka: known by the Sioux Indians as “The Great
Spirit.”
3.
Carbines: the rifle used by the United States Cavalry
in the 1800’s.
4.
Flanks: the extreme left or right side of an army.
5.
Skirmish: a fight in a war, any conflict or encounter.
6.
Tantalize: to tempt or provoke, to tease by showing
something desired but out of reach.
QUOTES FROM THE
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MY ANALYSIS
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THE UNITED STATES
QUOTES FROM THE
TEXT
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MY ANALYSIS
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CHIEF CRAZY HORSE
QUOTES FROM THE
TEXT
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MY ANALYSIS
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